Adriana Levandowski
Adriana Levandowski
Adriana is a second-year law student at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law, graduating in December. Before law school, Adriana received a Bachelor’s Degree focused in International/Global Studies with a concentration in Peace and Conflict Studies from the University of San Francisco. She obtained minor degrees in African Studies, Legal Studies, and Peace and Justice Studies. During her undergraduate degree, Adriana spent a semester in London working on a landmark LIBOR rigging case at Bark & Co. solicitors. Adriana then studied in Paris, gaining proficiency in French. In 2017, Adriana completed a U.K. law degree (equivalent to an L.L.B.) at BPP University London.
Adriana is an active member of both the law school's and Greater Denver's legal community. She spends her time volunteering with a number of projects and initiatives, including the Tribal Wills Project, Our Courts Program, and as a peer mentor and student ambassador. In addition to her work with The Race to the Bottom, Adriana is on the board of the Business Law Society, co-founder of Law Students Against Sexual and Domestic Violence, and is a member of the Colorado IP Inn of Court.
She is interested in business litigation and consumer protection work. Outside of law school, Adriana works at SoulCycle on the weekends and enjoys karaoke, trivia, and traveling.
Since its launch in 2009, Bitcoin has ballooned into an asset currently fluctuating around a $1.34 trillion market cap and has inspired the creation of thousands of tokens ranging from utility tokens like Ethereum’s “ETH” to stablecoins like “USDC.” (CoinMarketCap; Edan Yago, Forbes). Unlike traditional currencies, which depend on a central authority such as a bank or government to validate and record transactions, cryptocurrency (“crypto”) operates on a decentralized blockchain that allows for secure, direct transactions that are verified through a distributed ledger and network consensus. (Stephanie Susnjara, IBM). Despite these legitimate uses, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) has warned that some tokens serve as vehicles for “pump and dump” schemes, in which fraudsters spread false information to drive up a coin's price before selling their holdings, leaving other investors with a loss. (SEC). One such scheme came to light in 2024, when Shane Hampton (“Hampton”) was convicted at a federal jury trial of conspiracy to commit securities price manipulation and wire fraud for his role, alongside Hydrogen Technology (“Hydrogen”) CEO Michael Kane (“Kane”), in manipulating the price of the HYDRO token. (DOJ). Now on appeal to the Eleventh Circuit, Hampton and Kane argue that HYDRO was not an “investment contract” because its value derives from its utility within Hydrogen’s ecosystem as opposed to any profit derived from the efforts of others. (Carolina Bolado, Law360). This post briefly unpacks Hydrogen’s scheme and Hampton’s conviction before focusing on the appeal, arguing that however the Eleventh Circuit rules, its holding will primarily reach well-documented organizations while smaller, anonymous pump-and-dump schemes remain far more difficult to prosecute.
Can an arbitration agreement preempt the power of a bankruptcy court? This question lies at the center of the dispute in Goldman Sachs Bank USA v. Brown. (Donald Swanson, Mediatbankry). The Appellees allege that Appellant, Goldman Sachs, violated an automatic bankruptcy stay provision by continuing to make debt collection calls following Appellee’s bankruptcy filing. (Caroline Simson, Law 360). Under the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, violation of this automatic stay provision would entitle Appellees to punitive damages to be determined by the bankruptcy court judge. (11 U.S.C. § 362(k) (2026)). Goldman Sachs argues that this dispute should be resolved under an arbitration agreement present in the credit card agreements rather than in bankruptcy court, citing the primacy of the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) over Bankruptcy Court rules. (Angélica Serrano-Román, Bloomberg Law). Following the Fourth Circuit’s ruling in favor of Appellees, Goldman Sachs filed a petition for a writ of certiorari. (Caroline Simson, Law 360). Goldman Sach’s argument for requiring arbitration in this matter relies heavily on the case Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis. (National Consumer Bankruptcy Rights Center). This article will examine Goldman Sach’s argument for their motion to compel arbitration as well as explore how following precedent established under the Epic Systems case or a core approach to bankruptcy law might lead to rejecting or affirming the lower court rulings which denied arbitration.
On June 24, 2026, a Beacon Financial Corporation shareholder, Michael O’Neill, filed a proposed class action lawsuit in Delaware Chancery Court, seeking a judicial declaration and injunction preventing enforcement of an unlawful governance provision. (Jarek Rutz, Law360). Although Beacon declassified its board of directors so that all directors are elected annually, the lawsuit alleged that its charter still stated that directors may be removed only “for cause.” Id. Under Section 141(k) of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”), shareholders generally have the right to remove directors with or without cause unless the company has a classified board or certain cumulative voting provisions. (Daniel E. Wolf, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance). According to the complaint, Beacon has neither a classified board nor cumulative voting provisions, making the restriction invalid. (Jarek Rutz, Law360). The Beacon Financial litigation illustrates how seemingly minor inconsistencies in corporate charters can have significant governance consequences, reaffirming Delaware’s insistence that director removal rights conform to statutory requirements once a board is declassified.
Suppose a person wanted to place a risky bet during the NBA Finals but lived in a state that illegalized sports gambling. Traditionally, this gambler might turn to the neighborhood bookie, but newer apps like Kalshi allow users to “trade” money for contracts in any state. (Kalshi, Instagram). Normally, states regulate sports gambling and decide whether to legalize or prohibit it, but prediction markets such as Kalshi and Polymarket are challenging this framework. (Ben Blatt and Amy Fan, NYT). Prediction markets offer products that forecast, plan for, and hedge future events, with the contract’s “price” reflecting traders’ perceived probability of an event’s outcome. (CFTC). This post examines the rise of prediction markets into a multi-million-dollar industry, their growing political influence, and the states’ struggle to regulate this industry.
On March 25, 2025, the Delaware legislature enacted Senate Substitution 1 for Senate Bill 21 (“SB21”) into law. (Delaware General Assembly). SB21 limits the scope of the State’s Court of Chancery jurisdiction to hear certain complaints from shareholders regarding transactions between corporations and their directors. Id.
Delaware is a popular domicile for many corporations around the United States with more than 2.1 million legally incorporated entities. (Delaware Division of Corporations, Delaware.gov). Notably, Delaware is the domicile for nearly 66% of Fortune 500 Companies, and over 80% of all U.S. based initial public offerings (“IPOs”), passed the bill to ensure that large corporations incorporated in the state did not reincorporate in states which may provide better protections against lawsuits from minority shareholders. (Lauren Hisch & Michael de la Merced, New York Times). The state and the 1.06 million Delawareans who live there heavily rely on corporate revenue. Id.
On February 27, 2026, the IRS announced that it canceled its collective bargaining agreement with the National Treasury Employees Union (“NTEU”) following the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision to remove the injunction preventing two Presidential Executive Orders from going into effect. (Jory Heckman, Federal News Network). The two executive orders state that certain federal agencies, such as the IRS, did not have a right to labor unions because it put national security at risk. Id. This article will discuss the reasoning behind the executive orders that pushed the IRS to cancel its union contract and how enforcing the orders effects federal employees.
On January 16th, 2026, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear Durnell v. Monsanto Co., a landmark case that has the potential to reshape one of the largest mass tort litigations in American history. Bayer AG (“Bayer”), the German pharmaceutical and agrochemical giant that acquired Monsanto Company (“Monsanto”) in 2018, has faced over 200,000 claims alleging that its widely used Roundup weedkiller causes cancer, some such claims predating the acquisition. (David A. Lieb, AP/STAT News). The central question before the Court now is whether the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (“FIFRA”) preempts state-law failure to warn claims when the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has approved a pesticide’s label without requiring a cancer warning. (LDM Law). Put simply, after the EPA has approved a label lacking a cancer warning, can failure to warn claims still be brought? This post will examine the history of the Roundup litigation, analyze Bayer’s use of the preemption argument and its potential effects on consumer protection, and consider the implications for American agriculture if the Court rules in Monsanto’s favor.
Texas Senate Bill 13 ("SB 13"), enacted in June 2021 and authored by State Senator Brian Birdwell, was among the first U.S. laws targeting Environmental, Social, and Governance ("ESG") investing practices. (Mollie Duckworth, Latham & Watkins LLP). At its core, SB 13 prohibited Texas public entities from investing in or contracting with companies deemed to "boycott" the fossil fuel industry. (Texas Policy Research). ESG policies “aim to promote sustainable and responsible business practices” in addition to the previously paramount financial bottom line. (Deloitte). ESG practices trace their roots back to the early 1960s, led by social activists and religious groups seeking to spark corporate responsibility on ethical investing. (Thomas J. Billitteri, CQ Press). Sustainability pioneers like John Elkington popularized the “triple bottom line,” or the ideas that corporations must account for their societal and environmental impacts in addition to their profitability. (John Elkington, Harvard Business Review). Today, ESG practices are performed across industries, focused on issues, “ranging from human capital and compensation issues, to climate change, deforestation, and water and waste management, to supply chain management.” (Jurgita Ashley, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance). In the energy context, ESG policies condition investing on environmental and social criteria, threatening states like Texas by disfavoring their core oil and gas industries based on ideological grounds. (Ayden Runnels, The Texas Tribune). Thus, the law represented a “high profile” effort to combat ESG practices that the Texas Senate viewed as a threat to the state’s energy sector. (Texas Policy Research). This discussion explores SB 13’s implications, the recent ruling of its unconstitutionality, and the market’s incipient response to SB 13’s discontinued enforcement.
Creators, sellers, and doom-scrollers can rest easy knowing that TikTok has found a new home on U.S. soil. (David Shepardson, Reuters). Following an executive order and subsequent landmark Supreme Court ruling, TikTok’s parent company, ByteDance, had no choice but to divest TikTok so that the app’s data could be stored and controlled by U.S. entities. Id. Several prominent investors, including Oracle, Silver Lake, and MGX, have emerged as potential stakeholders seeking to acquire an ownership interest in the company. Id. This post discusses the acquisition of and changes to the app and further examines whether this divestiture will address the Trump administration’s security concerns.
Deep seabed mining is a lucrative enterprise aimed at extracting nodules of valuable mineral deposits embedded in the ocean floor. (Sachi Mulkey, N.Y. Times). These nodules contain critical minerals, such as cobalt, manganese, copper, and nickel, which are essential to the manufacturing of modern batteries used in smartphones or electric vehicles. (Steven Barringer & Courtney Shephard, Greenberg Traurig, LLP; Sachi Mulkey, N.Y. Times). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (“NOAA”) regulates the exploration and recovery of these critical minerals and issues permits for deep seabed mining. (15 C.F.R. 904.1). This post examines the (i) concerns of deep seabed mining; (ii) NOAA’s mandate and regulation focusing on the original two-step sequential process for exploration and recovery permits; (iii) the new "consolidated application process"; (iv) how the procedural shift fits into the “America First” agenda; (v) and the public concerns aligned with consequences of the accelerated application process.
With the 2020 Presidential Election just around the corner, voting paraphernalia, media campaigns, and the like are hard to avoid. Now, Corporate America is jumping on the voting bandwagon. Some companies, like designer fashion brand Tory Burch, are donating proceeds from limited-edition “VOTE” branded merchandise to get-out-the-vote programs. (Kate Kelly and Sapna Maheshwari, New York Times). Restaurant chain Shake Shack is giving away free French fries to all customers that vote early.
It is impossible to ignore the protests and social justice initiatives surrounding the Black Lives Matter movement spanning the country, recently surpassing 100 consecutive days of protests. (Patience Womack & Tosca Ruotolo, The Daily Barometer). In light of national demands for racial justice, the California state legislature introduced Assembly Bill 979 (“Diversity Bill”) aimed at increasing corporate diversity. In short, the Diversity Bill requires corporations that have nine or more Board of Directors to include at least three minority members by the end of 2022. (Saijel Kishan, Bloomberg). Additionally, California’s Secretary of State will be required to publish annual board diversity reports evaluating corporate progress and compliance. Id. In 2018, California enacted a similar gender equity law, S.B. 826, 2017-18 Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (Ca. 2018), requiring publicly held companies with a board of four or less to have at least one female director. (Women on Boards, California Secretary of State). Though the 2018 bill is widely criticized, its results are undeniable, increasing representation and corporate accountability. (See generally California Secretary of State, March 2020 Women on Boards Report).
As the COVID-19 pandemic reached the U.S. in early March, millions of American workers were furloughed or laid off, leaving many without a reliable income. (Kathryn Vasel, CNN Business). Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 17.8 million in June 2020, an almost 8% increase since February. (The Employment Situation, U.S. Dept. of Labor). Economists estimate unemployment could reach 32.1% in the second quarter of 2020, surpassing the Great Depression’s 24.9% peak. (Chris Morris, Fortune). Despite thousands of American workers struggling to pay their bills, Chief Executive Officers (“CEOs”) remain largely untouched. (Anders Melin, Bloomberg Law).
Following years of negotiations and various roadblocks, the Sprint and T-Mobile merger cleared its last big hurdle in federal court last month. (Laurel Wamsley, NPR) The “mega-merger” was announced in April 2018 but faced immediate backlash. The attorney generals of New York, California, the District of Columbia, and ten other states protested the potential merger as an anti-competitive practice. (Laurel Wamsley, NPR) The states argued the reduction of carriers in the telecom market creates less market competition, limits fair and free choice for consumers, and harms workers in this industry. (Id.)
In the booming era of blockchain, Facebook’s Libra Association markets itself as an “independent, not-for-profit, membership organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland” aiming to increase access to the global financial system and services. (Libra.org). In a world where 1.7 billion adults don’t have adequate access to the global financial system, Libra’s cryptocurrency claims it has the answer. (Id.) Through distributed network governance, open internet access, and cryptography security, cryptocurrencies aim to increase accessibility to financial services. (Id.) Yet, the volatility and value fluctuation of existing cryptocurrencies has hindered their adoption by the mainstream market. (Id.)
Phone carrier giants Sprint and T-Mobile announced an unprecedented merger in the spring of 2018. The merger would create a $146 billion powerhouse company under the T-Mobile name. (Taylor Soper, GeekWire). As of now, T-Mobile and Sprint are the third and fourth-largest carriers in the U.S., just behind AT&T and Verizon. Id. However, the Department of Justice (DOJ) initially wasn’t sold and filed suit to block the merger. (U.S. D.O.J. Compl. 3. July 26, 2019). A deal of this size raises fair market and antitrust concerns for both the D.O.J. and Federal Communications Commission (F.C.C.) and is dependent on the regulators’ approval. (Taylor Soper, GeekWire).